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Nov 19, 2014 09:52:31   #
VladimirPee
 
California State report

Significant Findings

Chartering and Choice as an Achievement Gap-Closing Reform finds that charter schools are effectively accelerating the performance of African American public school students. African American students and families are experiencing these results:
•African Americans are enrolled at higher rates in charter public schools than traditional public schools at all grade levels, in some cases at close to twice the rate
•Charter schools serving African American students are realizing better outcomes, in spite of having similar parent education levels and student retention rates as their traditional public school counterparts.

As measured by CCSA's Similar Students Measure (SSM)--detailed in our Portrait of the Movement report--charter public schools serving African American students were more than three times as likely as traditional public schools to consistently outperform their predicted performance in a single year, and over time. In addition, charter public schools have consistently earned higher African American Academic Performance Index (API) scores and proficiency rates statewide, in many urban districts, and across subjects. Finally, while charters make up only 9% of schools statewide, they represent 39% of highly effective schools for African American students.

As laboratories of innovation, California's highly effective charter public schools demonstrate proven paths to success that should be replicated nationally. In fact, results of case studies contained within Chartering and Choice as an Achievement Gap-Closing Reform show that the best practices implemented by charter schools effectively educating African American students can be implemented by any school, having been well documented in scholarly literature.
http://www.calcharters.org/understanding/research/africanamericanreport/


And they call Thomas Sowell self hating lol???


Constitutional libertarian wrote:
what's your point, that you get it that education is the answer great now go ingrain that into inner city youth.

But you don't know skwat about how or where all of the money goes in any given school district. 80% is spent on programs other than the classroom. Have you ever been in Mpls ? Do you know the district will bus your kids anywhere you want to send them anywhere within the district?

You really should stop the hate and start teaching the youth what it takes to be successful.
what's your point, that you get it that education ... (show quote)

Reply
Nov 19, 2014 09:59:43   #
KHH1
 
DennisDee wrote:
Jose doesn't live in my neighborhood or compete with me for a job. You are one self hating SOB. I can't wait until Hispanics take political control of Black cities like they did in Compton Ca. Charlie Rangel nearly lost his seat to a Latino in Harlem the African American cultural epicenter. I pray Hispanics will take over Detroit and clean it up. So I agree with you. Hispanics are not the Blacks of the 60s. As much as you want them to be. They are already more advanced than Blacks of 2014 with higher test scores too.
Jose doesn't live in my neighborhood or compete wi... (show quote)


**Good for them...I wish them well....and when I said they were/are blacks in the 60's, I am referring to coming to fruition politically.....I had higher test scores than whites, so now what? And no, they are not more advanced....go to Texas and chedk out black universities such as Prairie View A&M...where excellence prevails and degrees in engineering, education, nursing can be earned...they are flagship universities to the extent that whites are attending and now they are trying to take the historical name away and change it to Texas A&M @ Prairie View...I have freinds with M.D.'s from Howard.....wealthy as hell....you have absorbed the stereotypical views and really think that is the overall black condition...you need to get out more and look aroud....

Reply
Nov 19, 2014 10:02:58   #
VladimirPee
 
I am sure that there are some excellent success stories of African American achievement but to compare them to Hispanics is not quite accurate. Hispanics have already surpassed African Americans in many respects. According to national test scores like SAT HESPA and ACT Hispanics consistently outscore Blacks.


KHH1 wrote:
**Good for them...I wish them well....and when I said they were/are blacks in the 60's, I am referring to coming to fruition politically.....I had higher test scores than whites, so now what? And no, they are not more advanced....go to Texas and chedk out black universities such as Prairie View A&M...where excellence prevails and degrees in engineering, education, nursing can be earned...they are flagship universities to the extent that whites are attending and now they are trying to take the historical name away and change it to Texas A&M @ Prairie View...I have freinds with M.D.'s from Howard.....wealthy as hell....you have absorbed the stereotypical views and really think that is the overall black condition...you need to get out more and look aroud....
**Good for them...I wish them well....and when I s... (show quote)

Reply
 
 
Nov 19, 2014 10:06:59   #
VladimirPee
 
I just checked Prairie View. the TOP END and Bottom of their SAT scores for admission are

•SAT Critical Reading: 370 / 460
•SAT Math: 380 / 480
•SAT Writing: 360 / 450

This means their best students are admitted with a 1390 SAT score. You can't even get into most State University Systems with that. My Daughter had a 2000
http://collegeapps.about.com/od/collegeprofiles/p/prairie-view-a-and-m-university.htm



KHH1 wrote:
**Good for them...I wish them well....and when I said they were/are blacks in the 60's, I am referring to coming to fruition politically.....I had higher test scores than whites, so now what? And no, they are not more advanced....go to Texas and chedk out black universities such as Prairie View A&M...where excellence prevails and degrees in engineering, education, nursing can be earned...they are flagship universities to the extent that whites are attending and now they are trying to take the historical name away and change it to Texas A&M @ Prairie View...I have freinds with M.D.'s from Howard.....wealthy as hell....you have absorbed the stereotypical views and really think that is the overall black condition...you need to get out more and look aroud....
**Good for them...I wish them well....and when I s... (show quote)

Reply
Nov 19, 2014 10:48:17   #
Hartbreaker
 
So the solution is let some kids get away with bad behavior until enough kids of a different race do bad things?

Most of this is crap as it does not take into account the behavior of the individuals. Witnesses, including cameras, are 7 times more likely to identify a violent criminal as black vs white and yet, America has 4 time as many white as blacks. So to "eliminate racism" apparently we need to ignore 27 out of 28 crimes committed by black people?

BTW, when studies show crimes based on marital status of parents are figured in, the disparity all but vanishes. It is the lack of males providing good role models in black communities that account for much of the "racial" disparity.

KHH1 wrote:
**THIS IS WHY I DETEST CONSERVATIVES....EVEN WHEN PROVEN SOCIAL RESEARCH OUTLINING RACIAL DISPARITIES WITH INCARCERATION, SCHOOL PUNISHMENT, HIRING, PROMOTION AND EVEN MEDICAL TREATMENT IS PROVIDED...THEY DISMISS IT AS CONJECTURE WITHOUT ANY TYPE PROOF TO THE CONTRARY...AND SPEAK AS IF BLACK PEOPLE WANT SPECIAL AS OPPOSED TO EQUAL TREATMENT..HENCE WHY THEY ARE RACISTS IN MY BOOK....BECAUSE CONSERVATISM MEANS TO CONSERVE THE STATUS QUO...AND ALL THE HISTORICAL RACIAL INEQUITIES THAT COME WITH IT**

By Thomas Sowell November 18, 2014 12:25 pm


If anyone still has any doubt about the utter cynicism of the Obama administration, a recent agreement between the federal government and the Minneapolis Public Schools should open their eyes.

Under the Obama administration, both the Department of Education and the Department of Justice have been leaning on public schools around the country to reduce what they call the "disproportionate" numbers of black male students who are punished for various offenses in schools.

Under an implicit threat of losing their federal subsidies, the Minneapolis Public Schools have agreed to reduce the disparity in punishment of black students by 25 percent by the end of this school year, and then by 50 percent, 75 percent and finally 100 percent in each of the following years. In other words, there are now racial quota limits for punishment in the Minneapolis schools.

If we stop and think -- as old-fashioned as that may seem -- there is not the slightest reason to expect black males to commit the same number of offenses as Asian females or any other set of students.

When different groups of human beings have behaved differently in all sorts of ways, in countries around the world, for thousands of years of recorded history, why would we accept as dogma that the only reason one set of students gets punished more than others is because the people who are doing the punishing are picking on them?

Politically -- which is the way the Obama administration looks at everything -- any time they can depict blacks as victims, and depict themselves as their rescuers, that means an opportunity to get out the black vote for Democrats.

On the surface, this may look like a favor to blacks. But only on the surface.

Anyone with common sense knows that letting a kid get away with bad behavior is an open invitation to worse behavior in the future. Punishing a kid for misbehavior in school when he is 10 years old may reduce the chances that he will have to be sent to prison when he is 20 years old.

Other schools in other cities, which have also caved under pressure from the federal government, and agreed to lighten up on black kids who misbehave, have reported an increase in misbehavior, including violence. Who would have thought otherwise?

Letting kids who are behavior problems in schools grow up to become hoodlums and then criminals is no favor to them or to the black community. Moreover, it takes no more than a small fraction of troublemakers in a class to make it impossible to give that class a decent education. And for many poor people, whether black or white, education is their one big chance to escape poverty.

The people in the Obama administration who are pushing this counterproductive policy are not stupid. They are political, which is worse. They know what they are doing and they are willing to sacrifice young blacks to do it.

This punishment issue made me think back to the 8th grade, when I was punished by being kept after school, more often than any other kid in the class -- black, white, Hispanic or whatever. I was bored in school and did various pranks to liven things up.

One day, after school, as I sat alone among the empty chairs in the classroom, the teacher said, sarcastically: "Well, here we are again, Sowell, just the two of us!"

"Good grief, Miss Sharoff," I said. "If we keep staying in after school together all the time, people will begin to talk."

"We will just have to live with the scandal," she said, without even looking up from the papers she was correcting.

Thank heaven there was no Obama administration to exempt me from punishment. Who knows how I might have ended up?

Years ago, there was a study of a working class community where there were black, Hispanic and Italian kids, and where many of the cops were Italian. When a black or Hispanic kid broke the law, the police took him down to the station and booked him. But, if an Italian kid did the same thing, they reacted differently.

The Italian cop would take the Italian kid out into an alley and rough him up. Then he would take him home to his family, tell them what had happened and leave him there -- where the kid could expect another beating, instead of the wrist-slap punishment of the law. Those cops understood the realities of life that politicians ignore. And they were doing a favor to their own.

Thomas Sowell is a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305. His website is www.tsowell.com. To find out more about Thomas Sowell and read features by other Creators Syndicate columnists and cartoonists, visit the Creators Syndicate Web page at www.creators.com.

COPYRIGHT 2014 CREATORS.COM
**THIS IS WHY I DETEST CONSERVATIVES....EVEN WHEN ... (show quote)

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Nov 19, 2014 10:49:20   #
asasn
 
every single one of you so called liberal progressives are conservatives that have either not been victimized personally yet. their is not a single one of you that would not raise nine kinds of hell if your kid could not get in a school because of quotas.each and every one of you would support the death penalty if your child was brutally murdered. when I meet a liberal making a few million a year and he says you know no one needs over a couple thousand a year to live on I'm going to give the rest of this to poor black families. you folks are all fake and you and everyone knows it.

Reply
Nov 19, 2014 10:49:54   #
Dave Loc: Upstate New York
 
KHH1 wrote:
**First of all f-k you...you're not qualified to validate schit I say

Second of all, charter schools often take away funding from public schools....everyone does not have the resources to travel and commute to those schools...make the funding from them separate and apart and not further drain the public schools....which are pieces of schit already in many places....

Third, you and the right don't give a f-k about blacks or Mexicans, so save that zero-sum bullshit where someone gains, so someone has to lose....don't try to pit blacks against hispanics to do your will, so then you can go back to not giving a f-k about blacks, unless you can find them to be useful.

Fourth, I am educated to the top 1% of Americans and that is by design....so Hispanics gaining something is not going to take schit from me...hell, I use technical terminology sometimes for which spanish words do not even exist....Hispanics are where blacks were in the 60's...more power to them...plus, they'll probably aid me politically....
**First of all f-k you...you're not qualified to v... (show quote)


You keep telling us how educated you are, while your posts would certainly indicate something else - but taking you at your word it seems your attitude is "I got mine and the hell with the majority of other blacks" - and that is the real self loathing you accuse Dr Sowell of having

Reply
 
 
Nov 19, 2014 10:50:43   #
VladimirPee
 
They have been trained not to focus on the problems but to deny the problems exist. Democrats have been brilliant at the wholesale brainwashing of the African American people. Democrats don't fix anything for their 95% Black vote and Blacks deny problems exist. Its amazing shit.


Hartbreaker wrote:
So the solution is let some kids get away with bad behavior until enough kids of a different race do bad things?

Most of this is crap as it does not take into account the behavior of the individuals. Witnesses, including cameras, are 7 times more likely to identify a violent criminal as black vs white and yet, America has 4 time as many white as blacks. So to "eliminate racism" apparently we need to ignore 27 out of 28 crimes committed by black people?

BTW, when studies show crimes based on marital status of parents are figured in, the disparity all but vanishes. It is the lack of males providing good role models in black communities that account for much of the "racial" disparity.
So the solution is let some kids get away with bad... (show quote)

Reply
Nov 19, 2014 10:51:36   #
Dave Loc: Upstate New York
 
Brian Devon wrote:
**************
Fortunately quite a few voters are changing their minds about the wisdom of pursuing the punishment of people whose choice in recreational drugs (marijuana) may be different than their own (alcohol).

Like with authorizing gay marriage, the dominoes are falling.

This past election, voters in Oregon and Alaska approved the legalization of recreational weed. They joined Colorado and Washington State.

Next up? The big enchilada---California.

This ain't your grandpappy's America. Get used to it.
************** br Fortunately quite a few voters a... (show quote)


Yup, that's just more of Pelosi's idea - let's give them free stuff so they can lay back and do whatever they like - your idea of a new America will lead us to becoming the New Haiti

Reply
Nov 19, 2014 10:53:19   #
KHH1
 
Hartbreaker wrote:
So the solution is let some kids get away with bad behavior until enough kids of a different race do bad things?

Most of this is crap as it does not take into account the behavior of the individuals. Witnesses, including cameras, are 7 times more likely to identify a violent criminal as black vs white and yet, America has 4 time as many white as blacks. So to "eliminate racism" apparently we need to ignore 27 out of 28 crimes committed by black people?

BTW, when studies show crimes based on marital status of parents are figured in, the disparity all but vanishes. It is the lack of males providing good role models in black communities that account for much of the "racial" disparity.
So the solution is let some kids get away with bad... (show quote)


**No the solution is to be equitable with punishment across the board...not that stupid schit....and do the research on crime and school discipline and learn about the disparity in punishment as opposed to occurrence.



Do Blacks Really Commit the Most Crimes?

“What demographic commits the most crime?” asked my professor.

White people, I thought. I knew the answer, but I was hesitant to speak. I usually am in my political theory classes, choosing instead to absorb the discussion. I also assumed it was such a simple question that I wouldn’t need to answer it aloud because someone else would.

And soon after, a hand to my right rose.

“Blacks,” he said. And he sounded so sure.

I was almost sad for the kid, but you probably wouldn’t know it from how hard I was laughing at him. I didn’t mean to; it was how sure he was that tickled me.

Poor kid, I remember thinking because I understood that his answer was not from left field. It was a truth that he’d been taught, whether from the media, his upbringing, or any number of sources where minorities are painted as violent people.

He would be shocked to know that white people commit the most crimes. And to be perfectly honest it’s a trick question that I wouldn’t ask anyone. There are so many small factors that play a role in the correct answer.

But here’s the rundown:

White people commit the most crimes when you look at sheer numbers.

According to the FBI, in 2011, white people committed about 6.58 million crimes; blacks committed 2.7 million. It’s important to understand that these numbers include all forms of crimes, including violent and non-violent, such as property. It’s also important to note that these are crimes that law enforcement is aware of. Issues with this will be talked about in future posts.


Data from the FBI

So, blacks commit about 4 million crimes less. But then why are we seen as violent? Here’s where we get into the importance of understanding crime rates and the word: “disproportionality.”

White people make up about 80% of the American population, according to the United States Census. And black people account for about 13%. Yet, according to the same FBI table, blacks committed 28.4% of the crimes and whites 69.2%. Thus, our contribution to the “crime pie” is larger than our slice of the population pie- actually more than double.


This data does not include Hispanic/Latino crime

Latino/Hispanic population not included to stay relevant with FBI data

To be painfully clear for those who may not understand statistics (but if you do, feel free to skip this), this doesn’t mean each black person is committing two crimes each. It means that the pool for crimes is much smaller than the pool for our population. And so when one person commits a crime they account for a small number in the population, but a bigger number contributing to the crime statistic.

If this still doesn’t make sense, try multiplying our population by a fraction that will equal 1. Then do the same for the crime population. You will see you need a much larger fraction to make it equal 1. Think of the increase in that fraction as the increase in size for that aforementioned pie slice. With the population, it was smaller so the slice was.

Because black people account for more of the crime statistic than we do the population, we contribute a “disproportionate” amount, meaning our pie slices are uneven. Conversely, white rates are a little more even. 80% of the population, versus a little more than 69% of crime.

It’s a very common misconception that black people commit more crimes. So common in fact, that many minorities actually believe it as well. As of now the FBI doesn’t include Hispanics/Latinos in data tables, but does intend to. I can’t wait to see if these rates, in addition to black crime rates, will be higher than whites.

So, What do you guys think? Want to place some bets now to see if it will be or won’t be? Or share you own stories about misconceptions on the black crime rate.

*These numbers are estimates done using numbers from the 2010 Census. I looked at the rate and multiplied it by the overall population to come to these numbers.

Reply
Nov 19, 2014 10:53:37   #
VladimirPee
 
Statewide ballot referendums are something I fully support. If residents of some states want to legalize weed all power to them.


Dave wrote:
Yup, that's just more of Pelosi's idea - let's give them free stuff so they can lay back and do whatever they like - your idea of a new America will lead us to becoming the New Haiti

Reply
 
 
Nov 19, 2014 10:55:53   #
asasn
 
must of struck a nerve

Reply
Nov 19, 2014 11:02:19   #
Brian Devon
 
Dave wrote:
Yup, that's just more of Pelosi's idea - let's give them free stuff so they can lay back and do whatever they like - your idea of a new America will lead us to becoming the New Haiti




**********
Give them free stuff? I don't know of anyplace where recreational pot (or alcohol) are given out freely. Where is this magical place of which you speak? I am sure a lot of people here, on the left coast, would like to know.

Reply
Nov 19, 2014 11:04:36   #
VladimirPee
 
Now come back with the statistics on VIOLENT CRIME. Spin your bullshit to someone else

Murders according to the FBI are 49% Committed by Blacks. More killed by Blacks than White in total numbers

http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/crime-in-the-u.s.-2011/tables/table-43


KHH1 wrote:
**No the solution is to be equitable with punishment across the board...not that stupid schit....and do the research on crime and school discipline and learn about the disparity in punishment as opposed to occurrence.



Do Blacks Really Commit the Most Crimes?

“What demographic commits the most crime?” asked my professor.

White people, I thought. I knew the answer, but I was hesitant to speak. I usually am in my political theory classes, choosing instead to absorb the discussion. I also assumed it was such a simple question that I wouldn’t need to answer it aloud because someone else would.

And soon after, a hand to my right rose.

“Blacks,” he said. And he sounded so sure.

I was almost sad for the kid, but you probably wouldn’t know it from how hard I was laughing at him. I didn’t mean to; it was how sure he was that tickled me.

Poor kid, I remember thinking because I understood that his answer was not from left field. It was a truth that he’d been taught, whether from the media, his upbringing, or any number of sources where minorities are painted as violent people.

He would be shocked to know that white people commit the most crimes. And to be perfectly honest it’s a trick question that I wouldn’t ask anyone. There are so many small factors that play a role in the correct answer.

But here’s the rundown:

White people commit the most crimes when you look at sheer numbers.

According to the FBI, in 2011, white people committed about 6.58 million crimes; blacks committed 2.7 million. It’s important to understand that these numbers include all forms of crimes, including violent and non-violent, such as property. It’s also important to note that these are crimes that law enforcement is aware of. Issues with this will be talked about in future posts.


Data from the FBI

So, blacks commit about 4 million crimes less. But then why are we seen as violent? Here’s where we get into the importance of understanding crime rates and the word: “disproportionality.”

White people make up about 80% of the American population, according to the United States Census. And black people account for about 13%. Yet, according to the same FBI table, blacks committed 28.4% of the crimes and whites 69.2%. Thus, our contribution to the “crime pie” is larger than our slice of the population pie- actually more than double.


This data does not include Hispanic/Latino crime

Latino/Hispanic population not included to stay relevant with FBI data

To be painfully clear for those who may not understand statistics (but if you do, feel free to skip this), this doesn’t mean each black person is committing two crimes each. It means that the pool for crimes is much smaller than the pool for our population. And so when one person commits a crime they account for a small number in the population, but a bigger number contributing to the crime statistic.

If this still doesn’t make sense, try multiplying our population by a fraction that will equal 1. Then do the same for the crime population. You will see you need a much larger fraction to make it equal 1. Think of the increase in that fraction as the increase in size for that aforementioned pie slice. With the population, it was smaller so the slice was.

Because black people account for more of the crime statistic than we do the population, we contribute a “disproportionate” amount, meaning our pie slices are uneven. Conversely, white rates are a little more even. 80% of the population, versus a little more than 69% of crime.

It’s a very common misconception that black people commit more crimes. So common in fact, that many minorities actually believe it as well. As of now the FBI doesn’t include Hispanics/Latinos in data tables, but does intend to. I can’t wait to see if these rates, in addition to black crime rates, will be higher than whites.

So, What do you guys think? Want to place some bets now to see if it will be or won’t be? Or share you own stories about misconceptions on the black crime rate.

*These numbers are estimates done using numbers from the 2010 Census. I looked at the rate and multiplied it by the overall population to come to these numbers.
**No the solution is to be equitable with punishme... (show quote)

Reply
Nov 19, 2014 11:10:28   #
KHH1
 
DennisDee wrote:
Now come back with the statistics on VIOLENT CRIME. Spin your bullshit to someone else

Murders according to the FBI are 49% Committed by Blacks. More killed by Blacks than White in total numbers

http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/crime-in-the-u.s.-2011/tables/table-43


**Crime rate statistics[edit]


According to the BJS non-Hispanic blacks accounted for 39.4% of the prison and jail population in 2009, with whites 34.2%, and Hispanics 20.6%. The incarceration rate of black males was over 6 times higher than that of white males, with a rate of 4,749 per 100,000 US residents.[17][18][19]

Hispanics constituted 16.3% of the US population according to the 2010 US census.[20][21] According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics the black incarceration rate in state and federal prisons declined to 3,161 per 100,000 and the white incarceration rate slightly increased to 487 per 100,000.[22] In 2009 American Indians and Alaskan Natives were jailed, paroled, or on probation at 932 per 100,000, 25% higher than for non-Indians/Natives (747), up 5.6% that year and 12% higher than 2007.[23] However, crime in general declined during this time down to near 1970 levels, an 18% decrease from the previous decade.[24]

A 2012 University of Michigan Law School study found that African Americans are given longer federal sentences even when factoring prior criminal records, and that African American jail sentences tend to be roughly 10% longer than white jail sentences for the same crimes.[25]

According to the US Census Bureau as of the year 2000 there were 2,224,181 blacks enrolled in college.[26] In that same year there were 610,300 black inmates in prison according to the Bureau of Justice.[27] 12.5 percent have a bachelor’s degree.[citation needed] The results are highly dependent on education. 30 percent of those without college education and nearly 60 percent of high school dropouts had prison records.[28]

Crime trends[edit]

Some studies had argued for smaller racial disparities in violent crime in recent times. **However, a 2011 study which examined the racial disparities in violent crime and incarceration from 1980 and 2008 found little difference for black share of violent offending.** Racial imbalances between arrest rates and sentencing have caused some to question the disparities. The authors argued that the prior studies had been confounded by not separating Hispanics from Whites. The number of Hispanic offenders has been increasing rapidly and have violence rates higher than that of Whites but lower than that of Blacks.[29] Another recent study in 2012 raises a different concern, showing that Hispanics and blacks receive considerably longer sentences for the same or lesser offenses on average than white offenders with equal or greater criminal records.[30][31]

Homicide[edit]

According to the US Department of Justice, blacks accounted for 52.5% of homicide offenders from 1980 to 2008, with whites 45.3% and Native Americans and Asians 2.2%. The offending rate for blacks was almost 8 times higher than whites, and the victim rate 6 times higher. Most murders were intraracial, with 84% of white homicide victims murdered by whites, and 93% of black victims murdered by blacks.[32][33]

Youth crime[edit]

The "National Youth Gang Survey Analysis" (2011) state that of gang members, 46% are Hispanic/Latino, 35% are African-American/black, 11.5% are white, and 7% are other race/ethnicity.[34]

According to the FBI Uniform Crime Reports, in the year 2008 black youths, who make up 16% of the youth population, accounted for 52% of juvenile violent crime arrests, including 58.5% of youth arrests for homicide and 67% for robbery. Black youths were overrepresented in all offense categories except DUI, liquor laws and drunkenness.[35]

Hispanics[edit]

According to a 2009 report by the Pew Hispanic Center, in 2007 Latinos "accounted for 40% of all sentenced federal offenders-more than triple their share (13%) of the total U.S. adult population". This was an increase from 24% in 1991. 72% of the Latino offenders were not U.S. citizens. For Hispanic offenders sentenced in federal courts, 48% were immigration offenses and 37% drug offenses. One reason for the large increase in immigration offenses is that they exclusively fall under federal jurisdiction.[36]

Racially motivated hate crime[edit]

The federal government publishes a list annually of Hate Crime Statistics, 2009[37] Also published by the federal government is the Known Offender's Race by Bias Motivation, 2009.[38] According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Report database, in 2010 58% of hate crime offenders were Latino or white, 18% of offenders were black, 8.9% were of individuals of multiple races and 1% of offenders were Native Americans.[39] The report also reveals that 48% of all hate crime offenders were motivated by the victim's race, while 18% were based on the victim's religion, and another 18% were based on the victim's sexual orientation.[40] The report states that among hate crime offenses motivated by race, 70% were composed of anti-black bias, while 17.7% were of anti-white bias, and 5% were of anti-Asian or Pacific Islander bias.[40]

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