3507 wrote:
Thank you for that summary. I don't know how complete a surprise the "attacks as they were executed" was. Did the U.S. have sufficient information and ability, soon enough, to stop any of the three hijacked planes before they reached their targets? (I'm not counting the 4th in Pennsylvania which did not reach its target.)
I'll try to condense a reply to your question which actually would require a book.
Prior to the Clinton administration, the CIA and FBI routinely shared intelligence. In reference to terrorism, the CIA, operating outside the US, would identify and track a suspected terrorist (As they did with some of the 9/11 terrorists), then if the suspect/s entered the United States, CIA agents would inform the FBI, share the intel, and the FBi would take it from there.
During Bill Clinton's second term, his Deputy Attorney General, Jamie Gorelick, built the infamous wall that prevented the CIA from sharing intel with the FBI, and vice versa. Ms Gorelick didn't earn the title of
The Mistress of Disaster for no reason.
Ironically, in an egregious conflict of interest, Deputy AG Gorelick was appointed to the 9/11 Commission.
Through the months leading up to the attacks on 9/11, the four men I listed - Clarke, O'Neill, Scheuer, Coleman, in addition to Ali Soufan, a Lebanese American FBI agent who was one of only eight agents in the entire intelligence community who spoke fluent Arabic languages and the only one in NY, plus some of the analysts at Alec Station, were the only people in the intel community who knew who Osama bin Laden was and that he had established a terrorist organization known as Al Qaeda in Afghanistan.
For the most part, their warnings, first to NSA Condaleeza Rice, then to the directors of the various intel and LE agencies and to president Bush were dismissed. They simply would not put much stock in an obscure Saudi sheik becoming a major threat to the US.
In 1999, CIA field agents identified and tracked two men known to have ties to Al Qaeda - Nawaf al Hamzi and Khaled al-Mihdhar. (both were among the terrorists who hijacked Flight 77.) The CIA spotted these two in Singapore and tracked them until they landed at LAX in January, 2000.
Because of Gorelick's "wall", the CIA did not inform the FBI these two had entered the US, did not share any intel on these suspects, and by the end of 2000, all 19 Al Qaeda terrorist who carried out the attacks were in the United States.
In a nutshell, the 9/11 terrorists were successful only because of a major failure in the US intelligence community.
Intelligence agencies of Jordan, Egypt, Israel, Afghanistan, UK and others sent classified memos to US intelligence agencies warning them of a possible attack by Al Qaeda within the continental US.
FBI field agents in Arizona and Minnesota sent memos to HQ reporting Arab men enrolling in flight schools who were asking suspicious questions.
I could go on and on with this, but what I suggest you do is pick up a copy of
The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 and read it.
Investigative journalist Lawrence Wright won over 25 best book awards for non-fiction, including the Pulitzer, for this work. In addition to receiving 5 star reviews from book critics, publishers, and newspapers across the country.
And, contrary to some who attempt to spin Wright and his work into a biased political opinion, Lawrence Wright had no political skin in the game. He wasn't particularly fond of GW and his admin.
A sweeping narrative history of the events leading to 9/11, a groundbreaking look at the people and ideas, the terrorist plans and the Western intelligence failures that culminated in the assault on America. Lawrence Wright's remarkable book is based on five years of research and hundreds of interviews that he conducted in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Sudan, England, France, Germany, Spain, and the United States.
The Looming Tower achieves an unprecedented level of intimacy and insight by telling the story through the interweaving lives of four men: the two leaders of al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri; the FBI's counterterrorism chief, John O'Neill; and the former head of Saudi intelligence, Prince Turki al-Faisal.
As these lives unfold, we see revealed: the crosscurrents of modern Islam that helped to radicalize Zawahiri and bin Laden . . . the birth of al-Qaeda and its unsteady development into an organization capable of the American embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania and the attack on the USS Cole . . . O'Neill's heroic efforts to track al-Qaeda before 9/11, and his tragic death in the World Trade towers . . . Prince Turki's t***sformation from bin Laden's ally to his enemy . . . the failures of the FBI, CIA, and NSA to share intelligence that might have prevented the 9/11 attacks.
The Looming Tower broadens and deepens our knowledge of these signal events by taking us behind the scenes. Here is Sayyid Qutb, founder of the modern Islamist movement, lonely and despairing as he meets Western culture up close in 1940s America; the privileged childhoods of bin Laden and Zawahiri; family life in the al-Qaeda compounds of Sudan and Afghanistan; O'Neill's high-wire act in balancing his all-consuming career with his equally entangling personal life--he was living with three women, each of them unaware of the others' existence--and the nitty-gritty of turf battles among U.S. intelligence agencies.
Brilliantly conceived and written, The Looming Tower draws all elements of the story into a galvanizing narrative that adds immeasurably to our understanding of how we arrived at September 11, 2001. The richness of its new information, and the depth of its perceptions, can help us deal more wisely and effectively with the continuing terrorist threat.