pafret wrote:
At the time of Christ, Rome was the world. The Roman Empire encompassed the Middle East and the Western civilized worlds. Virtually all nations were subject to Rome. Augustus Caesar self-deified and declared himself divine. He demanded worship from his subjects, as did also all of the Caesars thereafter.
The Christians refused to worship the statues of the various Caesars, as did the Jews. The Jews however had gotten a special dispensation from this worship, from Augustus.
The dates of these Caesar’s were as follows:
Augustus Caesar 27 BCE - 14 CE
Emperor Tiberius 18 Sep 14 CE - 16 Mar 37 CE
Emperor Caligula 18 Mar 37 CE - 24 Jan 41 CE
Emperor Claudius 25 Jan 41 CE - 13 Oct 54 CE
Emperor Nero 13 Oct 54 CE - 11 Jun 68 CE
Roughly sixty years of Christianity hiding and being persecuted when found. Peter and Paul were both in Rome during Nero’s reign.
Nero was despised and severely criticized because of his insane debauchery and cruelty. This in a culture where debauchery and cruelty were the mode of the day. Nero fell on hard times when Rome burned to the ground with more than 70% of its buildings destroyed. The blame fell on Nero because it was well known he wanted to rebuild Rome; he was suspected of setting the fires, which wiped out the city.
In order to deflect attention away from himself he blamed the Christian cult for the disaster. He arranged a rapid ambush roundup of what was claimed to be half of Christ’s disciples and leaders like Peter and Paul. According to the popular story Nero had St. Paul beheaded and St Peter crucified upside down. St Peter managed to escape from the prison where they were being held.
When St Peter was escaping, on the road outside of the city he allegedly saw a vision of Christ who chided him for evading his doom, after which Peter returned voluntarily. St. Peter requested the upside down crucifixion because he wasn't worthy to be executed in the same manner as the Lord. There was famous movie about this entitled Quo Vadis, taken from Peter's greeting to Christ -- Quo Vadis Domini -- Where are you going Lord? The response was 'I am going to Rome to die in your place.
The mode of Crucifixion was interesting. In the ordinary manner, the legs give out and can no longer support the weight of the torso. This puts enormous compression on the chest because the outstretched arms support the weight. This compression ultimately strangles and suffocates the victim. It is a grisly excruciating way to die and the torture is prolonged for days. H*****g upside down would not exert this pressure so I am not sure how this death is effected.
At the time of Christ, Rome was the world. The Ro... (
show quote)
=======================
History of Christian civilization in Europe.
During the time of Augustus Caesar to Emperor Nero, Rome was a Pagan nation. The Emperors had prosecuted the Christians severely. Saint Paul was beheaded at the order of Nero. Saint Peter was crucified under Emperor Nero. He was crucified upside down at St Peter's request.
The Battle of the Milvian Bridge
Constantine won a great victory on October 28th, 312.
Richard Cavendish | Published in History Today Volume 62 Issue 10 October 2012
The Battle of the Milvian Bridge (1520–24) by Giulio Romano.Roman politics after the Emperor Diocletian abdicated in AD 305 was confusingly complicated as emperors and deputy emperors of the West and of the East contended for power. Among them was Flavius Valerius Constantinus, known to history as Constantine the Great. Acclaimed as emperor by his troops in York in AD 306, he was appointed Caesar or deputy emperor of the West by Diocletian’s successor, Galerius. Constantine was in charge of Britain and Gaul, but his brother-in-law Maxentius waged war against Galerius and seized Italy and Rome itself.
Galerius died in AD 311 and early the next year Constantine invaded Italy, won battles at Turin and Verona and marched on Rome. Maxentius came out to fight and was destroyed at the Milvian Bridge, which carried the Via Flaminia over the Tiber into the city. The battle was one of a succession of victories that in AD 324 made Constantine master of the entire Roman Empire, but it is most famous for its link with his conversion to Christianity, which would prove to be one of the most important events in world history.
The story, or a story, of what happened was told by Eusebius of Caesarea, a Christian biblical scholar and historian who wrote the first biography of Constantine soon after the emperor’s death. He knew Constantine well and said he had the story from the emperor himself. Constantine was a pagan monotheist, a dev**ee of the sun god Sol Invictus, the unconquered sun.
However before the Milvian Bridge battle, he and his army saw a cross of light in the sky above the sun with words in Greek that are generally t***slated into Latin as In hoc signo vinces (‘In this sign conquer’).
That night Constantine had a dream in which Christ told him he should use the sign of the cross against his enemies. He was so impressed that he had the Christian symbol marked on his soldiers’ shields and when the Milvian Bridge battle gave him an overwhelming victory he attributed it to the god of the Christians.
This story was generally accepted for centuries, but today’s historians who are not believers in prophetic visions and dreams have serious doubts about it.
The earliest account of the battle, dating from AD 313, mentions nothing about a vision or a dream. It says that Maxentius drew up his army on the bank of the Tiber. He had cut the bridge itself, but in case of defeat he could retreat to Rome across a temporary bridge made of boats. When Constantine’s cavalry charged, however, Maxentius’s men were driven in flight across the bridge of boats, which collapsed under them, and many were drowned, including Maxentius himself. His head was cut off and carried into the city on a spear by the triumphant Constantine and his men.
According to another early account, written within two years of the battle by the Christian author Lactantius, who had been at Constantine’s court for some time, the emperor had a dream in which he was told to mark ‘the heavenly sign of God’ on his soldiers’ shields. He did as instructed, had the sign, wh**ever exactly it was, inscribed on the shields and attributed his victory against odds to the god of the Christians.
In AD 315 the Senate dedicated a triumphal arch in Rome to Constantine (it may have been built originally for Maxentius), with an inscription praising him because ‘with divine instigation’ he and his army had won the victory. It tactfully refrained from saying which god had provided the ‘instigation’ and citizens could credit it to Sol Invictus or the Christian deity or whichever god they chose.
What is not in doubt is that Constantine became a believing Christian who vigorously promoted Christianity without trying to force it down pagan throats.
Diocletian and Galerius had persecuted the Christians savagely, but in AD 311 Galerius had granted them freedom of worship. In AD 313 Constantine’s Edict of Milan proclaimed that ‘no one whatsoever should be denied the opportunity to give his heart to the observance of the Christian religion’. He appointed Christians to high office and gave Christian priests the same privileges as pagan ones.
By AD 323 the birthday of Sol Invictus on December 25th had become the birthday of Christ. The emperor strove to iron out theological disagreements among Christians and in AD 325 he personally attended the Council of Nicaea, which formulated the doctrine of the Trinity.
Constantine built the original Saint Peter Basilica in Rome in 326-333 AD. He died in 327 AD.
He also built magnificent churches, including Santa Sophia in his capital city of Byzantium, renamed Constantinople. When he died in AD 337 Christianity was well on its way to becoming the state religion of the Roman Empire.
Saint Constantine's mother Helena also became a saint. She was instrumental in building the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem. While in Jerusalem, it was reported that she discovered the Cross where Jesus was crucified.
Saint Peter's Basilica was rebuilt in.
Construction of the present basilica, which would replace Old St. Peter's Basilica from the 4th century AD= to (326 AD to 333 AD), began on 18 April 1506 and was completed on 18 November 1626.
** This is now the Vatican that the Popes reigns. It was predicted that Pope Francis will be the last Pope.
**I feel very sad about this Pope. I think he is the Impostor Pope. He was along with the group of Obama, Hillary, Soros, Podesta, Biden, the Marxist bankers, the Rothschild's, who owns at least $500 trillion all over the world. owns all banks it was reported. They will build a NWO, or One World Government, under their leadership, with a Luciferian god. We will become all s***es wearing the 666 for control.