This is not about the recent claim that the KKK is making about being simple Christian groups, it is history.
Amazing that history is proving the connections, finally.
http://www.dailykos.com/story/2010/01/17/826081/-The-day-the-Klan-messed-with-the-wrong-people?detail=emailShane Locklear #7
20
04
2010
The readings for this week are from Christopher Arris Oakleys When Carolina Indians Went on the Warpath The Media, the Klan, and the Lumbees of North Carolina. This essay describes the r**t in Maxton after the KKK attempted to gather for a rally near Hayes pond. Led by the Grand D**gon James Catfish Cole and accompanied by 50 other members, the Klan organized to protest the mongrelization of w****s and Lumbee Indians in Robeson. Before the rally could even begin hundreds of Lumbees came and chased the Klansmen from Maxton. Although no one was k**led, hundreds of Indians fired on the gathered Klansmen. This historical event received a great amount of media coverage that has survived up to the 21st century.
The essay uses many different sources that ultimately reinforce the organization and validity of Oakleys argument. One strong point of the essay is that it gives various firsthand accounts from Indians of Robeson County and the things that they witnessed at the rally. Having these testimonies adds to the validity of the essay because they are from actual Indians who lived in the area. A great deal of history involving American Indians is from the outsider/white mans perspective and the information is usually biased. Various pictures of Indian individuals and families from Robeson County and of the incident are used throughout the essay. This imagery gives readers a chance to see the incident and some of the people involved. As the media spread the news of the incident, the people outside of North Carolina began to romanticize the issue. The pictures on pages 58 and 80 show how people began to see the incident from a stereotypical point of view. As wrote in a caption below the picture on page 58 the news coverage of the clash demonstrated ignorance of Indian history and culture in the South. Ultimately the media is to blame for these stereotypical viewpoints.
This incident involving a clash between the Lumbee Indians and the KKK represents a sense of unity and kinship. After feeling that their home, people, and way of life were threatened by the Klan, the Indians came together for a common cause. This idea of unity makes me wonder if/what part the community played in this incident. In what way/if any did these outsiders view the Indians idea of kinship? Was this gathering of Indians automatically expected?
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Tags : community, identity, kinship, kkk routing, Klu Klux Klan, lumbee, robeson county, weekly reflection
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Coty Brayboy Reflection #7
13
04
2010
Christopher Oakleys article When Carolina Indians went on a Warpath recounts a 1958 civil rights event in Robeson County Indian history that many of our grandparents still boast and brag about today. Oakley describes the Indian intervention when the Klu Klux Klan lead by James Catfish Cole decided to hold a rally at Hayes Pond in Maxton, NC. Coles intent was to speak against the mongrelization or mixing of Indians and w****s in Robeson County. He viewed these two groups as incompatible and argued that something must be done to address the problem. He believed Indians should know their place in society. He held rallies and proclaimed that Indian in Robeson County were a group mixed breeds, which in his mind constituted them as mongrels. Local newspapers publicized the rally but to little avail. On rally night, Klansmen were tremendously outnumbered by Lumbee and Tuscarora tribesmen. According to reports, Klansmen were outnumbered 10 to 1. Although many gunshots were fired, the Klansmen scattered into the swamps and luckily no one was hurt. Catfish Cole was humiliated and never returned to Robeson County. However, Indian men did help him after his defeat. In fact, they helped to pull his car out of the ditch.
After the battle, newspapers from across the nation published articles that announced the victory of Robeson County Indians over their r****t counterparts. However, many newspapers got the story wrong. Some newspapers inaccurately reported who was actually involved, identifying the Cherokees as the victors and giving a nod to the historical figure Sequoyah. Other papers reported that the Indians warhooped, an action stereotypically associated with Western Indians. This language was used to create a particular mental picture in the readers mind, and that image was of a decidedly different Indian than the ones in Robeson County. Oakleys title When Carolina Indians went on a Warpath ironically describes the journalistic problem; how could reporters describe the actions of Carolina Indians, when most people were unaware of the Indians in the state? Reporters resorted to stereotypes that the public could identify as generic Indian, like the stereotype of a warpath.
The actual event at Hayes Pond is a great example of real Indian identity in Robeson County. The community united to defeat a common threat, and they carried weapons to defend themselves. Nonetheless, they still assisted by helping to remove Coles car, because they were both being gracious and making sure that Cole left town. I would argue that these aspects are identifiably Indian and demonstrate Lumbee and Tuscarora values in Robeson County. However, journalists missed out on reporting these facets of the encounter. Maybe they thought the public would not recognize these Indian values, or maybe the reporters themselves did not consider these values to be Indian.
This article made me question how Indians in Robeson County saw their relationship with other Indians, specifically Western tribes. With regard to healing practices, did people feel pressure to adopt Western healing traditions to authenticate their Indian identity? Did they actually take on Western healing ways to prove their Indianness?
To investigate this issue, I would like to look at contemporary usage (which may be more intertribal or based on stereotypically, identifiably Indian practices) versus historical usage of sweetgrass and tobacco. There are 4 herbs (tobacco, sage, sweetgrass and cedar) that are known throughout Indian Country as sacred or healing herbs. However, I do not believe sweetgrass grows anywhere in NC. When did NC Indians adopt sweetgrass? Where does it come from?
Another specific issue that comes to mind is traditional tobacco. Does tobacco have specific meanings within the Lumbee and Tuscarora communities given that our families and ancestors are deeply involved in the growing, tying and production of tobacco? Smoking cessation projects such as the one run by the Lumbee Tribe and the Healing Lodge reference traditional or medicinal tobacco versus commercialized tobacco cigarettes. To determine whether or not our people have always made this distinction and research if it is a NC specific or a pan-Indian practice, I could contact these programs. Some resources I could use include:
http://www.lumbeetribe.com/Youth%20Services/Tobacco/Tobacco%20Index.htmlI notice that this site references mainstream resources to stop smoking. Do these programs rely on specifically Lumbee ideology to encourage traditional or medicinal use, or are mainstream American smoking cessation resources the foundation of these programs? Do they use a combination of the two?
This research project on sweetgrass and tobacco would need interviews to fully understand the picture. I could interview people in my grandparents generation who worked in the tobacco fields to understand their relationship with tobacco. For instance, my grandmother talks to crops to encourage them to grow. This may be one example of a traditional Indian practice that a New York Times reporter might overlook as Indian, even though Indians are generally the only ones who do this practice in Robeson County. I think that my interviews would produce even more specifically Indian practices that originate in Robeson County as well as some pan-Indian practices that people may have adopted. Id be curious whether they adopted outside healing practices as a way of asserting a public Indian identity, whether they learned them from friends of other tribes, or what other ways they learned about non-Lumbee practices.
Stilling, Glenn Ellen Starr. Lumbee Indians. Encyclopedia of North Carolina. Ed. William S. Powell. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2006. Pages 699-703.
In her book Nowhere Else on Earth, Josephine Humphreys provides insight into the discrimination Lumbees faced during the Civil War and Reconstruction. However, this discrimination did not end with the Civil War, but continued to be manifested throughout the tri-racial county. Glenn Ellen Starrs article, Lumbee Indians, provides a brief account of racial discrimination and civil rights violations experienced by the Lumbee people of Robeson County. Although brief, the article provides a great foundation for Lumbee history and civil rights.
Despite the theory that Lumbees are descendents of the Lost Colony and were very much assimilated into white culture as evident from their speech and religious practices, they still faced much injustice in the 19th century. The Lumbees were classified as free persons of color, until 1835. In 1835, the Lumbees lost most of their civil rights including v****g and carrying arms. Josephine Humphreys portrays how important v****g was to the Lumbee through the character Allen Lowrie in her book. The Lumbees have been proactive in the violation of their civil rights. In 1837-1857, the Lumbees challenged their classification as free persons of color successfully in court. Later, biracial school segregation in a tri-racial county provide the Lumbees with another way to oppose the violation of their civil rights and establish their own school systems separate from w****s and b****s. Guy B. Johnson also wrote about the establishment of Indian schools in Robeson County during the 1880s.
In addition to using the legal system to oppose discrimination, the Lumbees were also active in other ways. For example, in January of 1958 Lumbee men united to end a Klu Klux Klan assembly in Maxton sparked in reaction to cross burnings in the county. Karen I. Blu uses the incident as an example of the mean behavior used to classify Lumbee Indians. In addition, Lumbees along with other ethnic groups held political meetings to protest the unfair conditions in the county during the 1980s.
http://lumbee.web.unc.edu/2010/02/16/oxendine-source-post-4/This is not about the recent claim that the KKK is... (