new NASA statement suggests the physical and mental stresses of Scott Kelly's year in orbit may have activated hundreds of "space genes" that altered the astronaut's i****e s****m, bone formation, eyesight and other bodily processes. While most of these genetic changes reverted to normal following Scott Kelly's return to Earth, about 7 percent of the astronaut's gene expression remained altered — and it may stay that way permanently. [Seeing Double: 8 Fascinating Facts About Twins]

The changes are "thought to be from the stresses of space travel, which can cause changes in a cell’s biological pathways," the NASA statement said. "Such actions can trigger the assembly of new molecules, like a fat or protein, cellular degradation, and can turn genes on and off, which change cellular function."

Two Brothers
Scott spent nearly a year aboard the ISS as part of a unique NASA project called the Twins Study, which aims to reveal the long-term effects of space travel on the human body and mind. In March 2015, he flew up to the ISS to begin what would become the single longest space mission any astronaut has ever accomplished. Most astronauts stay aboard the ISS for six months at a time. Scott Kelly stayed in orbit for 340 days.

Meanwhile, Scott Kelly's identical twin brother, Mark (a retired astronaut, himself), remained on Earth as a control subject. The Kelly brothers are the only twin astronauts in history, NASA said. Because identical twins are born with identical DNA — the genetic code that tells cells when and how to work — the Kellys made ideal subjects for before-and-after comparison.

Researchers tested both Kelly brothers before, during and after Scott's year in space to map specific changes in the astronauts' physical and mental health. Most of Scott's physical changes — including his 2-inch height gain — proved to be temporary responses to the low-gravity, low-oxygen environment of space, NASA said.

However, genes involved in bone formation, oxygen deprivation, i****e s****m responses and DNA repair remained t***sformed after Scott Kelly's return to Earth, NASA reported. The reason behind this could involve a complicated reaction to an unusual type of stress: the stress of space.

"Oftentimes, when the body encounters something foreign, an immune response is activated," Christopher Mason, a Twins Study researcher and an associate professor at Weill Cornell Medical College, told Business Insider. "The body thinks there’s a reason to defend itself. We know there are aspects of being in space that are not a pleasant experience, and this is the molecular manifestation of the body responding to that stress."

Understanding why and how these "space genes" activate will be crucial to planning longer manned space missions. The way NASA sees it, Scott Kelly's year in space is a significant "stepping stone to a three-year mission to Mars."

More than 200 researchers in 30 states are helping to analyze the Kelly brothers' various test results, looking for space-induced changes in Scott Kelly's cognition, metabolism, microbiome and many other physiological processes. NASA will publish the comprehensive findings of these tests in a single study later this year.

Editor's Note: This story was corrected to note that Scott Kelly's gene expression changed by 7 percent in space, rather than his genetic code.

Can't you liberals ever say anything that make sense? The only thing. Trump and Putin have in common and collude on is that they both are anti-g*******t and wish to retain their own country's national sovereignty. ----- And the Republican Party is not Godless, although admittedly, they are losing religion and the Christian morality that goes with it, but at least they're not demonic, delusional and totally h**eful anti-American ass holes residing in opposite land like those in the Democratic Party. And for your information, the Mormons believe in Jesus and are just a quite different offbeat form of Christianity, claiming Mormonism is another testimony of Jesus in the Americas.
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A lot of t***h here Rumi. You are right about it being a mental disorder, an so is political correctness, multilingualism, m**************m, and the unfettered need for "diversity" as the Progressives use it, in this country. Islam, Religion, Faith, C*******m, and all the other BSisms are simply methods of controlling humans and their various idiosyncrasies. Humans have lost their ability to reason constructively and tolerate ideas of others. If it is not "MY" way, it is bad! We have forgotten how to laugh at our mistakes and move on!

The US Constitution was an "idea" developed as a plan to direct our country into a Republic that would hopefully satisfy the majority of our tribe, but it didn't satisfy humans in other tribes, so they attack it as being bad. Even some of our own tribe can't be happy because of their lack of tolerance and greed. I believe it is a good plan, but others don't, and they are just as willing to fight against our constitution as I am willing to fight for it. This is an example of No Tolerance and a lack of Constructive Reasoning at its worst.

I have my "faith" and other humans have theirs, and most likely they are are different. Sometimes the different "faiths" are compatible, or tolerable, and sometimes they are not. Seems like most of the times nowadays they are not compatible among the groups you mentioned, so we have a world in a serious and mostly ridiculous turmoil. Actually, when you consider our place, or worth, among the entire universe, we are no more than a tempest in a very small teacup!

There are only two things the human race needs to survive and carry on, the Earth and the Sun. If the Earth implodes, or explodes, humanity as we know it will be no more. If the Sun, from which we receive all of our life support, burns out or novas, about eight minutes later humanity will be no more. Everybody believes in something, which is basically what they have been raised to believe in by their parents, or in some cases by their cohorts, good or bad depending upon what you were taught. So if you are awaiting "God" to save your Christian, Muslim, Agnostic, or Atheist, butts you had better pray the Sun and the Earth remain intact as a system in nature! When our "Mother Nature" dies, and she eventually will, so do we!

There is only one way that we can propagate the human race, and that is to leave the Earth and land somewhere else in the universe. Frankly, IMHO, I would h**e to land on some new planet, particularly one with a smooth running peaceful population, and contaminate them with our self-centered hypocritical I***Tologies and irrational philosophies, like political correctness or career politicians! That would be about the only reason I wouldn't want to support our space programs that have given us so many of our creature comfort amenities. However, if we could just relearn tolerance and forward thinking and reasoning, and come up with a good plan to save the human race from the super wealthy elite Puppet Masters, I would rethink my philosophy a bit. I believe the original US Constitution with its First Ten Amendments was a great plan. However, our once great sovereign nation has become badly tarnished by wrong thinking C*******ts/Socialists, maybe even beyond repair. Your idea of putting a clause about Islam or the Muslim mental disorder in the constitution probably is OK but I doubt if it would be very effective in this day and age since very few people pay much attention to our Constitution anymore unless it benefits THEMSELVES, and therein is lies the cause of most of our national problems.

After the First Ten Amendments, the career politicians, C*******ts and Socialists, began to add amendments to satisfy their own selfish pleasures and bargain among their cohorts for profits in the most part, we began to head down the slippery slope into the Establishment Swamp of sewerage we now have coming from the District of Columbia. Then Saul Alinsky, a C*******t who became a "Professor" and was allowed to teach in our public educational system, wrote his "Rules for Radicals" and it became the playbook and bible of the l*****t Progressives, and taught them how to cause problems in government and how the "Means justify the Ends" and "Repetition of Lies becomes T***h!" What a mess it has become under our "Progressive" government controlled public education system. Our Colleges and Universities, with the EXCEPTION of Hillsdale College who refuses government subsidies and teaches the unabashed t***h of our US Constitution, have become "Beacons of C*******t Light" to "Enlighten" our youth and ensure they are programmed with a C*******t philosophy!

I doubt that even President Trump can keep his head above the Democratic muck, but he should keep trying! With a little luck, and a lot of support from the Conservative Patriots, he may even succeed! He has done pretty well so far, considering all the Democratic obstruction and muck raking to slow him down that he has had to endure. You can tell he's BAD because all the MSM "Entertainment" News talking heads and their C*******t leaning panelists are continually bring him up in their scripted discussions to badmouth him; damn right he's BAD --- for the C*******ts and their agenda! He's a strong leader and they just can't tolerate that! Even the National Public Radio is continually badmouthing President Trump! President Trump couldn't buy advertising time that works any better for him than these useful i***ts!

For the preservation of the "United" part of the USA, I do hope he succeeds! Fortunately, being a very senior citizen and military veteran of these United States of America who actually stands for the National Anthem, Salutes our F**g, and actually appreciates what this country has given to me, and done for me, in the past, if we do fail I most likely won't be around to see it. My oath of allegiance to my country, the USA, will only die when I do, and they pry my weapon from my cold, dead, fingers! Hurrah for us and Phuc Them!
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A lot of t***h here Rumi. You are right about it being a mental disorder, an so is political correctness, multilingualism, m**************m, and the unfettered need for "diversity" as the Progressives use it, in this country. Islam, Religion, Faith, C*******m, and all the other BSisms are simply methods of controlling humans and their various idiosyncrasies. Humans have lost their ability to reason constructively and tolerate ideas of others. If it is not "MY" way, it is bad! We have forgotten how to laugh at our mistakes and move on!

The US Constitution was an "idea" developed as a plan to direct our country into a Republic that would hopefully satisfy the majority of our tribe, but it didn't satisfy humans in other tribes, so they attack it as being bad. Even some of our own tribe can't be happy because of their lack of tolerance and greed. I believe it is a good plan, but others don't, and they are just as willing to fight against our constitution as I am willing to fight for it. This is an example of No Tolerance and a lack of Constructive Reasoning at its worst.

I have my "faith" and other humans have theirs, and most likely they are are different. Sometimes the different "faiths" are compatible, or tolerable, and sometimes they are not. Seems like most of the times nowadays they are not compatible among the groups you mentioned, so we have a world in a serious and mostly ridiculous turmoil. Actually, when you consider our place, or worth, among the entire universe, we are no more than a tempest in a very small teacup!

There are only two things the human race needs to survive and carry on, the Earth and the Sun. If the Earth implodes, or explodes, humanity as we know it will be no more. If the Sun, from which we receive all of our life support, burns out or novas, about eight minutes later humanity will be no more. Everybody believes in something, which is basically what they have been raised to believe in by their parents, or in some cases by their cohorts, good or bad depending upon what you were taught. So if you are awaiting "God" to save your Christian, Muslim, Agnostic, or Atheist, butts you had better pray the Sun and the Earth remain intact as a system in nature! When our "Mother Nature" dies, and she eventually will, so do we!

There is only one way that we can propagate the human race, and that is to leave the Earth and land somewhere else in the universe. Frankly, IMHO, I would h**e to land on some new planet, particularly one with a smooth running peaceful population, and contaminate them with our self-centered hypocritical I***Tologies and irrational philosophies, like political correctness or career politicians! That would be about the only reason I wouldn't want to support our space programs that have given us so many of our creature comfort amenities. However, if we could just relearn tolerance and forward thinking and reasoning, and come up with a good plan to save the human race from the super wealthy elite Puppet Masters, I would rethink my philosophy a bit. I believe the original US Constitution with its First Ten Amendments was a great plan. However, our once great sovereign nation has become badly tarnished by wrong thinking C*******ts/Socialists, maybe even beyond repair. Your idea of putting a clause about Islam or the Muslim mental disorder in the constitution probably is OK but I doubt if it would be very effective in this day and age since very few people pay much attention to our Constitution anymore unless it benefits THEMSELVES, and therein is lies the cause of most of our national problems.

After the First Ten Amendments, the career politicians, C*******ts and Socialists, began to add amendments to satisfy their own selfish pleasures and bargain among their cohorts for profits in the most part, we began to head down the slippery slope into the Establishment Swamp of sewerage we now have coming from the District of Columbia. Then Saul Alinsky, a C*******t who became a "Professor" and was allowed to teach in our public educational system, wrote his "Rules for Radicals" and it became the playbook and bible of the l*****t Progressives, and taught them how to cause problems in government and how the "Means justify the Ends" and "Repetition of Lies becomes T***h!" What a mess it has become under our "Progressive" government controlled public education system. Our Colleges and Universities, with the EXCEPTION of Hillsdale College who refuses government subsidies and teaches the unabashed t***h of our US Constitution, have become "Beacons of C*******t Light" to "Enlighten" our youth and ensure they are programmed with a C*******t philosophy!

I doubt that even President Trump can keep his head above the Democratic muck, but he should keep trying! With a little luck, and a lot of support from the Conservative Patriots, he may even succeed! He has done pretty well so far, considering all the Democratic obstruction and muck raking to slow him down that he has had to endure. You can tell he's BAD because all the MSM "Entertainment" News talking heads and their C*******t leaning panelists are continually bring him up in their scripted discussions to badmouth him; damn right he's BAD --- for the C*******ts and their agenda! He's a strong leader and they just can't tolerate that! Even the National Public Radio is continually badmouthing President Trump! President Trump couldn't buy advertising time that works any better for him than these useful i***ts!

For the preservation of the "United" part of the USA, I do hope he succeeds! Fortunately, being a very senior citizen and military veteran of these United States of America who actually stands for the National Anthem, Salutes our F**g, and actually appreciates what this country has given to me, and done for me, in the past, if we do fail I most likely won't be around to see it. My oath of allegiance to my country, the USA, will only die when I do, and they pry my weapon from my cold, dead, fingers! Hurrah for us and Phuc Them!
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