BigMike wrote:
We are wasting time and money hand-wringing about f****l f**ls and CO2 levels! F****l f**ls aren't going anywhere until we find a suitable ENERGY DENSE fuel to replace them. America needs to get ahead of the curve on this!
Bringing Fusion Electricity to the Grid
Jan. 16, 2013 The European Fusion Development Agreement (EFDA) has published a roadmap which outlines how to supply fusion electricity to the grid by 2050. The roadmap to the realisation of fusion energy breaks the quest for fusion energy down into eight missions. For each mission, it reviews the current status of research, identifies open issues, proposes a research and development programme and estimates the required resources. It points out the needs to intensify industrial involvement and to seek all opportunities for collaboration outside Europe.
The goal of fusion research is to make the energy of the stars available on Earth by fusing hydrogen nuclei. Fusion energy is nearly unlimited as it draws on the abundant raw materials deuterium and lithium. It does not produce greenhouse gases or long-lived radioactive waste. It is intrinsically safe, as chain reactions are impossible.
So far, fusion scientists have succeeded in generating fusion power, but the required energy input was greater than the output. The international experiment ITER, which starts operating in 2020, will be the first device to produce a net surplus of fusion power, namely 500 megawatts from a 50 megawatt input.
Europe holds a leading position in fusion research and hosts ITER. The fact that the ITER project is funded and run by six other nations besides Europe reflects the growing expectations on fusion energy. China, for instance, is launching an aggressive programme aimed at fusion electricity well before 2050. "Europe can keep pace only if it focusses its effort and pursues a pragmatic approach to fusion energy" states Dr Francesco Romanelli, EFDA Leader.
Focussing on the research and engineering activities needed to achieve fusion electricity, the roadmap shows that these can be carried out within a reasonable budget. The amount of resources proposed are of the same level as those originally recommended for the seventh European Research Framework Programme -- outside the European investment in the ITER construction.
The roadmap covers three periods: The upcoming European Research Framework Programme, Horizon 2020, the years 2021-2030 and the time between 2031 and 2050.
ITER is the key facility of the roadmap as it is expected to achieve most of the important milestones on the path to fusion power. Thus, the vast majority of resources proposed for Horizon 2020 are dedicated to ITER and its accompanying experiments. The second period is focussed on maximising ITER exploitation and on preparing the construction of a demonstration power plant DEMO, which will for the first time supply fusion electricity to the grid. Building and operating DEMO is the subject of the last roadmap phase.
In the course of the roadmap implementation, the fusion programme will move from being laboratory-based and science-driven towards an industry- and technology-driven venture. ITER construction already generates a turnover of about 6 billion euro. The design, construction and operation of DEMO requires full involvement of industry to ensure that, after a successful DEMO operation, industry can take responsibility for commercial fusion power.
We are wasting time and money hand-wringing about ... (
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So who is going to pay for the research? The same guy who paid for fission energy and for the t***sistor, the computer, the internet: Uncle Sam. But he's broke! He has too many maturing treasuries! He has a financial crisis! Haven't you heard?
That's what the deficit hawks will tell you, but they are wrong. Uncle Sam makes the stuff. That's how we got money to fight World War II.
With what awful consequence? More than 35 years of prosperity without harmful inflation, even with very high taxes. And while spending lots of money on GI education and homes, on the Marshall Plan, on the Korean War, on the Cold War rearmament, on nuclear energy, on the Interstate Highway System, on NASA, on Vietnam, etc., etc.
Why is there no consequence of all that spending?
Q1: For the taxpayers, is our national debt really a burden that must be repaid?
A1: No. For the taxpayers, it lacks those two qualities of a real debt. Its a Debt In Name Only, a DINO.
1. THE DINO IS NOT NOW AND NEVER WILL BE A TAXPAYER BURDEN.
The DINO is the total value of all maturing treasuries. By calling the DINO unsustainable, Wall Street con artists, plotting to privatize Social Security and make a fortune in commissions, have panicked the public, politicians, and journalists. But actually, it is not the taxpayers but the buyers of newly-issued treasuries who, in a virtual bond rollover, pay for redemption of the mature treasuries. In every auction, more bonds are demanded than are available. Auction winners get the safest, most liquid US dollar instruments; the losers are stuck with bank risk. If it were ever necessary, the Fed, with cost-free keystrokes, could create a demand for treasuries by buying large quantities in the open market. The taxpayer is NEVER burdened but almost all US v**ers are swallowing whole the Wall Street h**x!
Our Treasury is like a bank accepting money offered for certificates of deposit. While a bank with too many bad loans can certainly have too many maturing CDs, our non-lending Treasury cannot have too many maturing bonds unless its deficit spending is causing harmful inflation. And that happens ONLY in a war or emergency requiring rationing. It NEVER happens during a recession. During prosperity, banks are ALWAYS the main cause of inflation, creating over $6 of credit for every $1 of deficit spending. To curb inflation, regulate banks before cutting infrastructure projects.
2. THE DINO WILL NEVER BE REPAID AND SHOULD NEVER BE REPAID.
Only a budget surplus can reduce the DINO. Since Truman, no President has reduced the DINO and no annual budget surplus is now in sight. Indeed, to supply enough treasuries, the ONLY risk-free instruments used for trade collateral, insurance, pensions, bank reserves, etc., THE DINO MUST GROW WITH OUR ECONOMY. In fact, deflation and then depression will hit us hard unless large budget deficits replace the cash that we are now exporting.
Q2: Could savers make a run on US Treasury bonds?
A2: Only when savers can get risk-free returns from the Wall Street casino or from GM bonds, Illinois bonds, or Detroit bonds. Safety is not everything. Safety is the ONLY thing! Thats why the whole world relies on US bonds.
Q3. Could savers stop buying US Treasury bonds?
A3. Only when nobody needs risk-free interest for trade collateral, insurance, pensions, bank reserves, etc., etc.
Q4: Could savers prefer foreign sovereign bonds?
A4: Yes, indeed! Now, almost two thirds of the worlds reserve currencies are in US dollars and about half of all US Treasury bonds are held by foreigners. But if Chinas infrastructure and productivity become better than ours, its sovereign bonds could become safer than ours. And that could happen only if US v**ers let their DINO concerns stop the renewal of falling bridges, failing schools, leaking sewers, creaking railroads, aging power grids, etc., etc.
Q5: Wont we need higher tax rates to pay for infrastructure?
A5: The federal government does not need taxes for spending. Just as you would destroy your redeemed IOUs, the IRS destroys all of its receipts, shredding bills and melting coins for scrap. Since Congress cannot touch a cent of tax revenue, it creates new money out of thin air (just like your bank creates loans), deposits it in the Treasury, and spends it with checks. The Treasury auctions bonds to finance deficits that are limited ONLY by the will of Congress.
The ONLY rational reason to restrict deficit spending is the onset of harmful inflation. Until then, Congress can finance both the DINOs annual debt interest and our much-needed infrastructure. Every day, you fill your kitchen sink with water AND you prevent it from overflowing. Why cant Congress fill our economy with money building infrastructure AND prevent harmful inflation? China builds 24/7 without harmful inflation. Why cant we do that?
Q6: How can increasing the DINO be good for the economy?
A6: Every federal dollar spent and not taxed is saved by the private sector. Yes! DEFICITS = SAVINGS! The bad Debt Clock is also the good Assets Clock. Since we are exporting cash, deficit spending is our economys SOLE source of savings! Well, our (DINO + total bank deposits) / GDP ratio is less than half of Chinas comparable figure and our M2 (money supply) / GDP ratio is half of Switzerlands ratio and one fourth of Hong Kongs ratio. To become and stay prosperous, we need to DOUBLE the DINO / GDP ratio to return it to the World War II level that was followed by 35 years of prosperity without harmful inflation. Ask Grandma how it was in the good old days!
Q7: How much should Congress tax and spend?
A7: Ideally, Congress should tax just enough to prevent harmful inflation and should spend almost enough to cause full employment (and harmful inflation). Result: low unemployment and low inflation.
Instead, bribed by Wall Street, Congress taxes as little as possible, enriching the rich, and spends as little as possible, impoverishing the rest of us by restricting deficits / savings. Just as quacks k**led George Washington by bleeding his bad blood, Congress is destroying our younger generations by reducing (possibly to zero!) our annual budget deficits / private sector savings increase / consumer demand. And, by bribing Congress to pass austerity budgets, the Wall Street charlatans are deliberately nursing a huge army of unemployed labor to suppress the wages and working conditions of the shrinking middle class.
Result: recessions, high unemployment, an army of unemployed labor, a growing under-class, a scared work force, declining wages and consumer demand: a downward spiral of despair threatening deflation and depression. Growing ine******y will create a land of slums and gated communities: Hell on Earth!
Austerity today deprives our grandchildren of infrastructure that would surely enrich and possibly save their lives. We must educate all of them now and employ all of our resources to build the infrastructure that they will need when they become parents. Lets follow Presidents Lincoln (railways, telegraph, land-grant colleges), Theodore Roosevelt (National Parks, Panama Canal), and FDR (TVA, PWA, WPA, etc.)
Q8: How should one v**e?
A8: V**e only for someone who NEVER EVER worries about the DINO and who ALWAYS worries about Americans looking for work and reluctantly drawing benefits forever instead of building infrastructure.
Q9: I have to balance my budget. Why doesnt Congress balance its budget?
A9: If you could legally print money in your attic, why would you balance your budget? Congress only needs to balance full employment against harmful inflation. Why is something so simple so hard to see?
To stay ahead of China, please help me convince v**ers that Congress, limited ONLY by the onset of harmful inflation, must build infrastructure
to promote the general Welfare and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity
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