Seems a good place to insert this...
THE MISLEADING MYTH OF V***R F***D IN AMERICAN E******NS
by Lorraine C. Minnite, Rutgers University-Camden
Are fraudulent v**ers undermining U.S. e******ns? The simple answer is no. Rather, the threat comes from the myth of v***r f***d used to justify rules that restrict full and equal v****g rights.
A concerted partisan campaign to erect more restrictive v****g rules is apace in many states, with Republicans pushing new limits on access and Democrats objecting. Thousands of changes to state e******n codes have been proposed since the contested p**********l e******n of 2000. Far fewer have been signed into law, but those put in place – such as rules that people have a certain kind of photo identification card available from specific government offices – are making it more difficult for many citizens to cast b****ts, including longtime v**ers as well as new ones. In a democracy, reducing access to the b****t is difficult to justify. Political motives and strategies to discourage v****g by particular groups such as racial minorities cannot be openly announced. That’s where the myth of criminal v**ers comes in – as proponents of new rules cite the supposed threat of v**es fraudulently cast by foreigners, noncitizens, immigrants, felons, and imposters who supposedly travel around to v**e in many precincts. Mythical threats that stoke social prejudices are used to make new restrictions seem reasonable.
The earliest reliable studies of e******n f***d in the 1920s and 1930s found that individual v**ers almost never committed fraud on their own. Conspiracies by politicians or e******n officials were behind most violations. V***r r**********n laws were put in place to reduce such organized fraud.
Today, social scientific research on fraud is difficult because there are no officially compiled national or state statistics. Researchers must painstakingly piece together evidence from news reports, court proceedings, law enforcement agencies, e******n officials, and interviews with
experts and other sources. After ten years of such research, I found that intentional fraud by individual v**ers is exceedingly rare. Other investigations have reached the same conclusion. Replicating my methodology, 24 journalism students at twelve universities reviewed some 2,000 public records and identified just six cases of v**er impersonation between 2000 and 2012.
Under Republican President George W. Bush, the U.S. Justice Department searched for v***r f***d. But in the first three years of the program, just 26 people were convicted or pled guilty to illegal registration or v****g. Out of 197,056,035 v**es cast in the two federal e******ns held during that period, the rate of v***r f***d was a miniscule 0.00000132%!
Also: Lorraine C. Minnite, The Myth of V***r F***d (Cornell University Press, 2010).
www.scholarsstrategynetwork.org No state considering or passing restrictive v**er identification laws has documented an actual problem with v***r f***d. In litigation over the new v**er identification laws in Wisconsin, Indiana, Georgia and Pennsylvania, e******n officials testified they have never seen cases of v**er impersonation at the polls. Indiana and Pennsylvania stipulated in court that they had experienced zero instances of v***r f***d. When federal authorities challenged v**er identification laws in South Carolina and Texas, neither state provided any evidence of v**er impersonation or any other type of fraud that could be deterred by requiring v**ers to present photo identification at the polls. When v***r f***d accusations are tracked down to their specifics, irregularities almost always turn out to be simple mistakes by e******n officials or v**ers.
In the contested 2004 Washington state gubernatorial e******n, a Superior Court judge ruled invalid just 25 b****ts, constituting 0.0009 percent of the 2,812,675 cast. Many were absentee b****ts mailed as double v**es or in the names of deceased people, but the judge did not find all were fraudulently cast. When King County prosecutors charged seven defendants, the lawyer for one 83-year old woman said his client “simply did not know what to do with the absentee b****t after her husband of 63 years, Earl, passed away” just before the e******n, so she signed his name and mailed the b****t. A leaked report from the Milwaukee Police Department found that data entry errors, typographical errors, procedural missteps, misapplication of the rules, and the like accounted for almost all reported problems during the 2004 p**********l e******n. When the South Carolina State E******n Commission investigated a list of 207 allegedly fraudulent v**es in the 2010 e******n, it found simple human errors in 95 percent of the cases the state’s highest law enforcement official had reported as fraud. A study by the Northeast Ohio Media Group of 625 reported v****g irregularities in Ohio during the 2012 e******n found that nearly all cases forwarded to county prosecutors were caused by v**er confusion or errors by poll workers.
V**ers acting on their own have no rational cause to v**e f***dulently. The odds of casting a deciding v**e are miniscule and c***ters risk criminal prosecution under state laws on the books for decades. The costs of fraudulent v****g are steep and the benefits practically non-existent. Spurious, politically-motivated allegations of v***r f***d are a distraction from the real problems in U.S. e******ns. Overly complicated rules need to be simplified and e******n administration professionalized. Nonpartisan officials and poll workers must be well-trained and supported in their efforts to help people cast b****ts that are accurately counted. In every major e******n, millions of eligible Americans do not participate, in large part because of unnecessary hurdles to registration and v****g. The United States needs a reinvigorated movement to expand v****g rights and access. To build confidence in our democracy, we should look for ways to fix actual e******n problems – and recognize that individual v***r f***d is not one of them.