Time for Jews to Admit: Other Gods Exist
The idea of Godâs oneness sounds like an essential tenet of Judaism. But there are equally essential tenets that Jews have learned to forgo
âAmerican Gods.â Depicts a reality in which ancient gods from mythology continue to live on, a captivating idea. Starz/Amazon Prime
âAmerican Gods.â Depicts a reality in which ancient gods from mythology continue to live on, a captivating idea. Starz/Amazon PrimeCredit: Starz/amazon prime
A century ago, an odd Jew, Oskar Goldberg by name, lived and worked in Berlin. He was a rabbi, a physician, a kabbalist and biblical commentator. Formally he was affiliated with Orthodox Jewry, but his religious teachings were substantially different from those of other rabbis. In 1925, he published a book, âThe Reality of the Hebrewsâ (in German), which presented a scandalous interpretation of the Mosaic Torah. According to Goldberg, the Torah was originally not a monotheistic work: It does not deny the existence of other gods, rather it assumes that the gods of the Gentiles are real forces that operate in the world.
How is that possible? God, Goldberg maintains, is the center of life of the people, embodied in their language and rituals. The relations between the people and God are reciprocal: The people need God, but God, too, needs the people. World politics, he believed, is actually a backdrop for the struggle between the gods, which act through their peoples. Sodom was destroyed because its people rebelled against the God of Israel, while residing in his territory; the Exodus from Egypt spelled the victory of the God of Israel over the gods of Egypt. The angel that Jacob wrestled with was the god of Edom, and when Jacob triumphed he conquered a domain on behalf of the God of Israel. The denial of the existence of other gods is an element that was introduced into Judaism in a later period.
Surprisingly, Goldberg illustrated the validity of his theory by quoting many verses from the Bible, and did so quite persuasively. Still, his interpretation was obviously rejected and he remained a rather marginal figure. His book was never translated into Hebrew and he is barely remembered today. Thatâs hardly surprising: The accepted approach in Judaism is based on the assumption that the Jewish people imparted to the world the idea of one God. For generations Jews have taken pride in this contribution, viewing it as the basis for the concepts of freedom and equality. This perception was perceived as a sort of welcome liberation from the polytheistic worldview, which is considered infantile, whereas monotheistic belief is deemed mature and progressive.
Many Jews are proud of the fact that Christianity and Islam â religions with billions of believers â inherited from the Jewish people its single God. Itâs a well-worn clichĂ© to say that we all believe in the same God. But actually, that is precisely the problem. Competition for the affection of the one god is the source of much of the violence, fanaticism and persecution that have caused so much human suffering over the past two millennia. For after all, although the Jews, the Muslims and the Christians believe in the same God, they also insist on the singularity of that belief. God is universal, but the attitude of all those religionists toward him is exclusivist and zealous. Itâs quite possible that the Jews would not have been persecuted across the generations were it not for the theological affinity between the Hebrew Bible and Christianity.
When a crime is committed in the name of God, ideological secularists tend to hurl insults at the institution of religion and to argue that in the modern world only the foolish or the blind can keep the faith. But the attempt to refute religion by invoking science is itself primitive. It is based on philosophical notions 300 years old, which were already obsolete at the end of the 18th century. During the era in which Galileo lived, when the Church sought to determine whether the sun revolved around Earth, it made some sense to use the discoveries of science to confront the religious establishment. But like everything else, religious thought, too, has developed since then. A modern theologian can provide quite clever â albeit debatable â arguments for preferring a religious outlook. Only a childish person can claim that modern religious philosophers â the likes of Franz Rosenzweig, Alasdair MacIntyre or Oskar Goldberg â suffer from a lack of wisdom.
From this point of view, one can agree with Tomer Persico, a scholar of Judaism at the Shalom Hartman Institute, who recently published an article here critical of contemporary atheists who think that the problem with believers is their lack of knowledge and wisdom. In any case, religion is not a scientific hypothesis which, as such, is refutable. In his new book, too, âMan in Godâs Image: The Making of the Modern Worldâ (Hebrew), Persico argues that the question of whether God exists is not the central one for present-day Jewry. The problem with Persicoâs hypothesis is that it flaunts the idea of the image of God â the whole book presenting âthe decisive influence of that idea on the development of the Western world.â
That this concept had considerable influence is inarguable. The question is whether it was a positive influence. Persico states that the Book of Genesis âunderscores the universality of the principle of the image of God,â in that âthe figure of God sets apart and empowers all of his ilk in exactly the same measure.â Sounds good, but unfortunately thatâs not how it works. From the moment the statement âwe are all created in Godâs imageâ is uttered in a specified language that is connected with a specified ritual â it becomes an exclusivist assertion that emphasizes the substantive superiority of adherents of the true faith over all the others. It leads to self-righteousness, which rapidly becomes zealousness.
Theological âtikkunâ
Even Oskar Goldberg found it difficult to forgo the concept and also the importance of Godâs image. In his view, the assertion, âLet us make man in our image, after our likenessâ (Genesis 1:26), which appears in the plural, shows that, upon the creation of human beings, the different gods sought to create separate types of humans in order to ensure their power on earth. But the God of Israel succeeded in preventing them from doing this, and created one human in his image. In Goldbergâs view, too, then, the supremacy of the God of Israel is assured: All human beings were born in the image of our God.
The television series âAmerican Gods,â based on the book by Neil Gaiman and first broadcast in 2017, depicts a reality in which the gods from ancient Nordic, Greek and Egyptian mythology continue to live in the world, but are weakened because no one believes in them any longer. Although this is an entertainment product, the idea is quite captivating. From many points of view, its underlying worldview is more enticing than the monotheistic belief that has wrested control over a large part of the world.
Itâs precisely Judaism, which is considered the mother of the monotheistic religions, that could be the pioneer in bringing about this important theological tikkun, or correction. After thousands of years of monotheistic patronizing, the Jewish people can allow itself now to acknowledge that other gods exist, too. The idea of Godâs oneness sounds like an essential tenet of Judaism. But there are equally essential tenets that Jews have learned to forgo. Actually, it doesnât demand so much from the Jews. Itâs not necessary to stop worshipping the God of Israel â itâs just a matter of recognizing that heâs not the only one.
https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.HIGHLIGHT-time-for-jews-to-admit-other-gods-exist-1.10196719