The decision could give a single e*****r the power to decide the outcome of a p**********l e******n — if the popular v**e results in an apparent E*******l College tie.
A federal appeals court ruled late Tuesday that p**********l e*****rs who cast the actual b****ts for president and vice president are free to v**e as they wish and cannot be required to follow the results of the popular v**e in their states.
The decision could give a single e*****r the power to decide the outcome of a p**********l e******n — if the popular v**e results in an apparent E*******l College tie.
"This issue could be a ticking time bomb in our divided politics. It's not hard to imagine how a single faithless e*****r, v****g differently than his or her state did, could swing a close p**********l e******n," said Mark Murray, NBC News senior political editor.
It hasn't been much of an issue in American political history because when an e*****r refuses to follow the results of a state's popular v**e, the state simply throws the b****t away. But Tuesday's ruling says states cannot do that.
The decision, from a three-judge panel of the 10th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in Denver, is a victory for Micheal Baca, a Colorado Democratic e*****r in 2016. Under state law, he was required to cast his b****t for Hillary Clinton, who won the state's popular v**e. Instead, he crossed out her name and wrote in John Kasich, a Republican and then the governor of Ohio.
The secretary of state removed Baca as an e*****r, discarded his v**e and brought in another e*****r who v**ed for Clinton. In a 2-1 decision, the appeals court said the nullification of Baca's v**e was unconstitutional.
When v**ers go to the polls in p**********l races, they actually cast their v**es for a slate of e*****rs chosen by the political parties of the nominees. States are free to choose their e*****rs however they want, Tuesday's ruling said, and can even require e*****rs to pledge their loyalty to their political parties.
But once the e*****rs are chosen and report in December to cast their v**es as members of the E*******l College, they are fulfilling a federal function, and a state's authority has ended. "The states' power to appoint e*****rs does not include the power to remove them or nullify their v**es," the court said.
Because the Constitution contains no requirement for e*****rs to follow the wishes of a political party, "the e*****rs, once appointed, are free to v**e as they choose," assuming that they cast their v**e for a legally qualified candidate.
A total of 30 states have laws that bind e*****rs, requiring them to cast their v**es for whichever candidate won that state's popular v**e. But the laws are weak, providing only nominal penalties for what are known as "faithless e*****rs" who fail to conform to the popular v**e.
The Supreme Court ruled in 1952 that states do not violate the Constitution when they require e*****rs to pledge that they will abide by the popular v**e. But the justices have never said whether it is constitutional to enforce those pledges.
Legal scholars said Tuesday's ruling was the first from a federal appeals court on the issue of faithless e*****rs. It applies immediately to the six states of the 10th Circuit: Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Kansas, Oklahoma and New Mexico.
“This court decision takes power from Colorado v**ers and sets a dangerous precedent," said Jena Griswold, Colorado's secretary of state. "Our nation stands on the principle of one person, one v**e. We are reviewing this decision with our attorneys, and will vigorously protect Colorado v**ers.”
The federal court ruling conflicts with a decision from Washington state's Supreme Court in May, which said e*****rs must follow the results of the popular v**e. "The power of e*****rs to v**e comes from the state, and the e*****r has no personal right to that role,” the court said.
Lawyers from the nonprofit Equal Citizens, which represented the Washington state e*****rs and Baca in Colorado, said they will appeal the Washington ruling to the Supreme Court.
“We know E*******l College contests are going to be closer in the future than they have been in the past. And as they get closer and closer, even a small number of e*****rs could change the results of an e******n," said Lawrence Lessig, a Harvard law professor who founded Equal Citizens and is part of its legal team. "Whether you think that’s a good system or not, we believe it is critical to resolve it before it would decide an e******n.”
If the Supreme Court chooses to take up the dispute, it would have time to rule on the issue before the E*******l College meets in December 2020 to cast the formal v**e for president.
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